Cap’n Remo
Cap’n Remo vs. Other Systems
This short study will try to compare the Cap’n Remo wireless tiller system with other boat steering mechanisms currently on the market in a general, simple manner. Prices mentioned are from the Boat US catalog and the Monitor wind vane web page.
Auto Helm Relative to Compass. Flux gate compasses are commonly used as a heading reference for small craft autopilots. It measures the angle between the Earth’s magnetic field and the flux-gate’s plane of reference. These units are counter balanced and mounted in gimbals for stability. The smoother, the better. Consequently, to ensure smoothness, the best place to mount the flux-gate unit is at the boat’s center of pitch, roll, and balance – centered and below deck. The tiller pilot ($689 [without wireless control]
to $3199) unit has a built in compass mounted above deck and aft, lateral to the tiller which explains why steering becomes erratic as sea conditions become sloshy. When working smoothly, the boat is steered to a compass heading, but ignores wind shifts.
The Wind Vane (e.g. Monitor Wind Vane) is a mechanical add-on that steers the boat to the wind direction, taking care of minor wind shifts. These units (about $4000) are mounted to the stern and work well while beating into the wind. An off-wind course decreases the accuracy of steering as the wind stream lessens. Naturally, down-wind sailing is quiet and results in very little wind stimulus to the vane, resulting in less steering stability. The wind vane steers the boat to the wind, but ignores the compass heading.
The GPSguidance systems rely on satellite triangulation for reference. Larger boats are auto steered accurately at speeds over about 3 knots or so. The GPS’s antenna is best mounted on the bow. Similar to the flux-gate systems, the GPS systems ignore the wind direction.
Cap’n Remo is a wireless tiller controller. Its sensor is mounted between your ears. It responds to your touch as your eyes watch the compass. It responds to your touch as your face feels the wind shift. In an overboard mishap, it will respond to you by steering your boat into the wind (range 225’). Whether your hull speed is fast or slow, whether you’re on deck or below, Cap’n Remo responds to you.
Introduction Sailing is fun. But – a lot of people are put off sailing by the complexity and strange terms. What exactly is a cunningham and how do you make it fast? Most people who get on a boat for the first time are baffled by the terminology and the obscure, arcane language. Yet, there is a point to this language. Sailing has evolved over hundreds of years and, deep within the heart and mind of the universe, there is a reason for all this ‘stuff’. Yes, it’s true – there’s a lot of bollocks that goes around sailing. If you listen to two ‘salties’ talking about sailing you might conclude that they are talking in another language or, at the very least, in another time. I wrote this guide because I like sailing and I meet a lot of people who want to try sailing. The problem is they don’t know much about it and are daunted by the prospect of setting foot on a boat. Even if they manage get on a boat often they are so confused by the whole thing that they never come back. Hopefully this guide will let you understand the basics of sailing, let you talk about sailing without feeling like an idiot and, most importantly, make you useful on a sailing boat. Chartering I also wrote this guide because I often go cruising with friends who have never sailed before. If they’ve never stepped on a boat before, they feel as useful as a one-legged man at an arse kicking contest. So, before we go, I distribute this guide so they understand what’s happening and, more importantly, can do some of the work. Skippers should feel free to use this guide with new crew, on the proviso that : its source is acknowledged (i.e. me); it is not used for commercial purposes; if you take and part of it to modify you must distribute it under a similar agreement. Quotes from “Overheard Sailing” (http://www.overheardsailing.com) : Dock person : Ok, Take this line and secure it to your aft cleat. Dock person : No! At the STERN of the boat! Dock person : NO! NO! That CLEAT there. There, on the back of the boat! Dock person : THE F–KING SILVER THING!!! -and-Crew: It’s all very well, but you’re not making any friends here. I mean, the language alone is alienating. What the hell is a halyard? You yell at me to pull it, you yell at me to let some sheets go. I’m not impressed. Teaching should be complemented with sign language – pointing, for example. Call it ‘thingy’, call it ‘that’. Complement it with direct action requests, i.e. ‘pull’ and ‘let go’. Then, people will reach out for you. Skipper: <sigh> Pull that, will you? Parts of the Boat Parts of the Hull Bow – pointy bit at the front the boat Stern – blunt bit at the back Cabin – lump in the middle you sleep in Keel – big heavy fin-thing on the bottom of the boat that keeps it from flipping over Rudder – a movable fin at the back that steers the boat, connected to a wheel or tiller for steering Sails, Stays and Spars Mast – tall vertical stick the sails hang off Boom – horizontal stick hanging off the mast Forestay – front wire keeping the mast up Backstay – back wire keeping the mast up Sidestay – work it out genius… Mainsail or Main – the big sail behind the mast Foresail or Jib – the ‘little’ sail in front of the mast (sometimes known as a genoa, ‘jennie’ etc) Sheets and Halyards Main sheet – rope for controlling the mainsail Jib sheets – ropes for controlling the jib, usually one on either side of the mast Halyard – a rope for raising or lowering a sail Other Tiller – a stick for steering, more fancy than a wheel Directions Fore – towards the bow Aft – towards the stern Port – to the left as you face the bow Starboard – to the right as you face the bow (NB: this is important, it might sound silly but consider this – there is only ONE port on a boat, but there could be lots of lefts – depending on which way everyone is facing) Aft Port Fore Star-board Sails and Rigging Parts of sails This diagram shows the parts of a sail on a typical sail (this is the mainsail). The top corner is called the head, the bottom corners are the clew and the tack. On this sail, the tack is close to the mast and the clew is at the end of the boom. The sides are called the foot at the bottom, the luff at the front near the mast and the diagonal leech at the back. Rigging Rigging is the ropes and wires on a boat involved with sails. Every ‘rope’ is named for its function and/or location. This is so when the skipper says “dump the mainsheet and take in the jib!” everyone knows which rope to let go and which one to pull. A topping lift is used to raise or lower a spar, like the boom. A halyard raises or lowers a sail and would thus be attached to the head of the sail. A sheet is a rope that controls the angle of the sail to the wind. It is usually attached to the clew. Sail terminology • Take in / sheet in – to tighten or pull on a rope • Hard on – as tight as a sheet or sail will go (e.g. “bring the jib hard on”) • Let go / ease – to loosen or let out a rope (e.g. “ease the jib sheet”) • Dump – to let go all at once, to ease as far as it will go • Luffing – when a sail flaps at the front edge (i.e. the luff) • Working sheet – a sheet that is tight, because it is holding a sail against the force of the wind • Lazy sheet – a sheet that is loose, because it is doing nothing (no force) The two types of sails By and large you’ll only have to deal with two kinds of sails : the main and the jib. As you progress you might deal with other kinds of sails including different kinds of jibs and speciality sails like storm sails or spinnakers. For now we’ll concentrate on the main and the jib. The mainsail is the big sail behind the mast and is obviously very important to how the boat works. The mainsail is controlled by a single mainsheet that usually runs to a series of pulleys in the middle of the cockpit. The pulleys supply the extra force need to move the big mainsail when it is full of wind. The jib (in front of the mast) is equally important to how a boat sails, especially when it sails into the wind. The jib is controlled by two sheets which run down each side of the boat. When the boat is sailing one of these, the working sheet, will be under load as it holds the force of the wind in the sail. The other, the lazy sheet, will be lying slack – essentially doing nothing. When the boat changes direction the lazy sheet and the working sheet will swap sides. The lazy sheet will hold the sail against the force of the wind and become the working sheet and the working sheet will go slack and become the lazy sheet. We’ll look at this in more detail later. Winches The forces involved in sailing are sometimes more than a single human can handle. To help we use winches. A winch is a mechanical device which multiplies the force you can put on a rope. Because of the forces involved, winches can be dangerous. You should keep your fingers clear of ropes on winches if you don’t want to lose them! Loading a winch Winches usually work in one direction only. Generally it is clockwise, but not always. The easiest way to check is to put one hand on the winch before you put the rope on and turn it with your hand. The rope must go on in the same direction as it turns. To ‘load’ a winch – wind the rope around the winch in the direction it turns, starting from the bottom and moving up. Each turn must be flat against the surface of the winch and must not ‘ride over’ another turn. The more ‘turns’ or rope around a winch, the more friction and the more holding power there is. You should use a minimum of three or maybe four turns (experienced sailors might use less). The winch pictured here is ‘self-tailing’. It has a set of ‘jaws’ at the top into which the rope may be thrust to secure it. If a winch is not self-tailing the loose end of the rope must be either held or or secured to a cleat. Cranking a winch To supply extra force, you can put a handle on the winch. The handle goes in the top of the winch and it can then be cranked. Generally you can crank the handle in both directions. The body of the winch will still turn one way, but the two directions of the handle will supply different speeds and different forces. If you can’t crank a handle one way, try cranking it the other. Never leave a handle in a winch! They can be knocked overboard and they are expensive. Always take them out and put them away so you can find them next time. Usually there is a lever on top of the winch which you must move or depress to take the handle out of the winch. Easing a winch To ease a rope on a winch it is not necessary to take it off the winch. The rope can be eased simply by taking the loose end of the rope and feeding it into the winch. As the coils of rope become slack, the tension on the other side of the winch will pull the coils slowly out, allowing you to ease the rope under control. Jammers, Cleats and Stuff Ropes tend to flop around unless they are secured or made fast. A jammer is a mechanical device that secures a rope by clamping it between two jaws. The jaws are activated by a lever on top of the jammer. To open a jammer, lift the lever and push it completely forward until it is parallel with the rope. Halfway is not good enough! To close it, pull it back and down until parallel with the rope. If the jammer won’t open normally this means the rope is under tension. You need to take the tension up on a winch before the jammer will open. Trying to open it under tension could be dangerous. A cleat is a metal hook around which a rope is wrapped to secure it. There is a particular figure eight method that is used on cleats which is difficult to show here. Ask someone who knows how to use a cleat to show you. Note that ropes are not tied to a cleat with a knot, they are simply wrapped around them so they can be unwrapped when needed. Sailing Basics When the wind blows, the boat wants to move forward and sideways. The keel prevents the boat from going sideways, so it goes (hopefully) forwards : The angle of the sails is important. They must be set at the right angle to the wind to generate the most lift. The action of adjusting the sails is called trimming them. But a boat cannot sail directly into the wind. If the wind gets too far forward (in front) of the boat it will not generate enough ‘lift’ and the boat will stop. Points of sail The relationship of a boat to the direction the wind is blowing is called the ‘point of sail’ : A boat cannot sail directly into the wind, if it does it will be in irons – it will stop moving.
A modern boat can breast actives breast enhancement program sail at an angle of about 45° to the wind, any closer and it will lose speed. The closest it can go is a beat when the boat would be said to be close hauled. If the wind is coming from the side of the boat it is reaching. From 90° to the axis of the boat it is on a beam reach. If the wind is forward of this it’s a close reach and aft of this a broad reach. If the wind is behind the boat it is running and if it is directly behind the boat it is on a dead run. Downwind is sailing “with the wind” – in the direction the wind is blowing. Upwind is against the wind. Downwind and upwind also include anything in that direction from your boat (e.g. Crew : “Skipper, can you see that bloody great rock downwind of us?” – Skipper : “What rock?”). You can think of the wind being like a hill. Upwind is uphill from you and will take a lot of work to get there. Downwind is downhill and is much easier to get to. Sailing into the Wind Sailing downwind is easy. You hang the sails out and go! This is easy to understand when the wind is behind the boat: Figure 3 Wind “In Irons” Beating Reaching Running Head to Wind Close-hauled Figure5 Down Wind Up Wind But is more difficult with the wind in front : Figure 4 Wind Sailing upwind is a bit more complicated. From the previous section you’ll know that a boat can’t sail directly into the wind. But quite often (and you’ll be surprised how often) you’ll want to go somewhere which is upwind from you. i.e. The wind is blowing directly from where you want to go. How can you get there? You’ll have to sail a zig-zag course : Each one of these zigs or zags is called a tack (see below). The faster and more efficiently you can tack, the faster you will get to your destination. Tack, Tack, Tacking! “Tack” has a number of meanings : • A boat is on either the “port tack” or “starboard tack” depending on where the wind is coming from. If the wind is coming from the port side of the boat you are on a port tack. If it is coming from starboard, you are on a starboard tack • The verb “tacking” or “to tack” is the action of turning the boat so that the front of the boat passes through the wind, after which the wind will be coming from the other side • A tack is also the time spent on a particular tack of sail (e.g. A short port tack followed by a long starboard tack) This makes a kind of sense – e.g. You sail along on a particular port ‘tack’. To change to a starboard ‘tack’ you must ‘tack’ – you turn the front of the boat through the wind. You will then sail on the starboard tack for a while before you tack again. Clear as mud? Good. • Finally, the “tack” is also the bottom edge of a sail (see ‘Parts of the Sail’) Adjusting sail Adjusting a sail is called trimming it. Sail trim is a complicated subject and a poorly understood one. Many theories abound and every sailor will have different advice for you on how you should trim your sails. They will all disagree. This is what makes sailing fun. A simple rule of thumb is : ease the sheet until it starts to ‘luff’ and then pull it in “a little bit”. To luff means to flap at the front edge (i.e. at the luff). If a sail is too tight it will ‘luff’ and the front edge will become loose and floppy. A taught, smooth sail that looks like the wing on an aeroplane is probably doing its job. In general, the “closer to the wind” you sail the tighter you will have to sheet in your sails. This means that when you sail into the wind you will pull the sails in tighter than if you sail with the wind behind you. X Figure 6 Wind Tacking and Gybing There are two main manoeuvres in sailing : Tacking as we’ve already discussed,means putting the front of your boat through the wind. Gybing is turning the other way – putting the back of the boat through the wind. With both manoeuvres, the turn will put the wind on the other side of the boat (you will be on the other tack). This means you must do something with your sails or they will flop about uselessly. Tacking To tack the boat, the helmsman turns the wheel or pushes the tiller and the boat turns through the wind. But what about the sails? After a tack, the sails will be on the wrong side of the boat and the boat will stop. Someone must move the sails to the correct side of the boat. The mainsail will largely take care of itself. It will flop over to the other side. But the jib must be moved across manually. Someone will have to let the working sheet off and pull in the lazy sheet to make that the new working sheet. Timing is important – because the boat has to turn through the wind, if it does it slowly, it might stop. Coordination is the key : 1. The skipper announces a tack – “Ready to tack?” or “Ready about?” 2. The crew prepare, usually one takes the lazy sheet and one the working sheet 3. The skipper starts to turn announcing – “Coming about!” or “Helm’s-a-Lee!” or some such jargon 4. As the jib luffs (flaps) the working sheet will go slack and the crew member can let it go, at the same time the lazy sheet can be pulled in (quickly!) 5. If necessary the lazy sheet (now the new working sheet) can be tightened by using the winch With an inexperienced crew a skipper might say “Lee-ho!” (or something) at step #4 – to let them know when to move the jib. The timing is important. If they go too soon the boat will stop. If they leave it too long the boat will stop as well. It’s also a good idea to have a bit of speed up before you try this as the momentum will help carry you through the turn. Gybing Gybing is more dangerous than tacking. In fact gybing can be downright scary. Why? Well, when you tack the boom only has a little way to move. With gybing it’s different. But look at Figure 6 – a gybe – see where the boom is in position A? And see where it will end up, after the gybe, in position B? It has to swing nearly 180° across the boat. If you do this wrong, you could rip the mast out of the boat or knock someone overboard. The procedure is the same as for tacking with some important additions : 3a. As the skipper turns, someone pulls in the mainsheet until the boom is in the middle of the boat 4a. At the point where the jib kicks over the mainsheet is released (slowly and with control) until the mainsail is out wide and the boat is moving again. If you’re a novice, don’t try this in strong winds. It’s easier just to do a long loop and tack (think about it!) Figure 7 Wind Tacking Gybing Figure 8 Wind A B What can I do? The most common task a new crew member is called upon to do on a boat is to help tacking the jib. One person will need to pull the new jib sheet on (tighten it) while someone lets the old one go (loosens it). To sheet in a lazy sheet in a tack: 1. When the skipper announces he intends to tack, get ready : put two or three turns of rope on the winch (make sure it’s on the right way!) and hold the loose end in both hands 2. When the jib flaps or the skipper says so, pull in the sheet quickly until it is tight 3. When you can’t pull it in any more you’ll have to grind it. Put another turn around the winch if you need to (you should have at least three) and put the rope in the ‘jaws’ of the self tailing apparatus 4. Insert a handle into the top of the winch and start grinding until the sail is ‘set’ If your winch is not self-tailing you will need to continue to pull on the rope with one hand while grinding with the other. Often another crew member can grind while you ‘tail’ (pull) the sheet. To let go a working sheet during a tack : 1. When the skipper announces he intends to tack, get ready : take the rope out of the ‘jaws’ of the self tailer or uncleat it but keep it with 2-3 turns on the winch, more if it is windy 2. When the jib flaps or the skipper says so, flip the remaining turns off the winch, keeping your fingers clear and let the rope run out smoothly. The other person should be pulling it across now. 3. If you are needed, help the other person by putting a handle in their winch and grinding for them Remember both of these things should happen nearly simultaneously. The faster you get the jib moved over the faster the helmsman will be able to steer a new course. Miscellaneous Stuff Putting sails up and taking them down One job you’ll have to do a lot is putting up a sail or taking it down. Normally a sail will be fastened to itself or the boom with sail ties to stop it flopping around. These must be removed before anything else happens. Be careful in strong wind as the sail might catch the wind and fly around. It might also be necessary to attach the halyard or the sheets to the various corners of the sail. A halyard is normally attached with a shackle, a kind of steel pin. When moving a halyard you must hang on to it at all times – if you let it go, it might slip up the mast and someone will have to go and fetch it! On a jib, a sheet is normally tied on with a knot called a bowline. On a main, the mainsheet is normally permanently attached to the boom or attached with shackles. Once the halyards and sheets are attached and any sail ties have been removed, the sail may be raised by pulling on the halyard. Mainsails are heavy. Normally one person stands at the mast and sweats the halyard – they take a big handfuls of rope and haul the sail up – while another person takes in the slack on a winch. Once a sail is raised as far as it will go by hand it will probably have to be winched the rest of the way. It is good practice to keep the halyard on a winch as you raise it, then you only need to insert a winch handle and crank it the rest of the way up (see the section on winches). To raise the mainsail : 1. Remove any sail ties 2. Attach the halyard and sheet if necessary 3. Put the main halyard on a winch 4. Open any jammers which might be securing the main halyard 5. Turn the boat into the wind (this will keep the wind out of the sail while you raise it) 6. While one person sweats the halyard another takes in the slack on the winch 7. When the sail won’t go any further, insert a winch handle and crank it up until its taught 8. Cleat, lock off or otherwise secure the halyard To lower the mainsail: 1. Put the main halyard on a winch, take up the tension 2. Turn the boat into the wind (this will keep the wind out of the sail while you lower it) 3. Tighten the mainsheet so the boom doesn’t flap around and give someone concussion 4. Undo any jammers which might be securing the main halyard 5. Ease out the halyard 6. When it is safe to do so someone can move up onto the cabin roof and gather up the sail against the boom as it falls. When it has been gathered up sail ties can be tied around it. Furling sails Some boats (especially of the charter variety) have a special type of sail called a furling sail. This is most often found on jibs but can be found on mainsails as well. A furling sail wraps itself around a stay or around/inside the mast. For example a furling jib will wrap itself around the forestay. At the bottom of the forestay will be a drum attached to a furling line. If you pull on the furling line the jib will wrap itself around the forestay, but the sail must be slack (out of the wind) for this to work. You will also need to ease the jib sheets as you go. To unfurl the sail, you ease the furling line (under control) and pull on one of the jib sheets. The sail will then unwrap from the forestay and deploy. Don’t force the furling line, it should turn easily under hand pressure, you shouldn’t need to winch it. Note : with furling sails you usually never need to touch their halyards, the owner of the boat will have set it and messing with it could be counter productive! Anchoring One other thing you might want to do is anchor your boat. This is another cooperative activity which works best when the team is coordinated. Usually the anchor is kept in a locker at the front of the boat. Many boats will have a powered anchor winch which requires the motor to be running to work. There will be a shackle or pin that secures the anchor to stop it falling our accidentally. This must be removed to lower the anchor. To anchor a boat : 1. Look for shelter from the wind, good holding ground, sufficient depth and room to swing 2. One person goes to the anchor locker and frees the anchor shackle 3. The skipper motors to your chosen spot slowly (boats don’t have brakes) 4. When the skipper stops the boat, someone will ease the anchor down into the water 5. You should let out about three times as much rope as you think you have water 6. As the anchor touches down, the skipper motors back gently until the boat stops with a tug, this means the anchor has set. If it doesn’t set, raise the anchor and go back to step 1. 7. Turn the motor off and ease out more rope, normally about 5 times the depth of water 8. While someone makes the drinks, look at nearby boats and the land to determine if you are drifting 9. Check your position over the next couple of hours to make sure you don’t drift If you drift you have a couple of options : try a different spot; let out more rope; or add another anchor. A boat at anchor swings. It rotates around the anchor depending on the wind. Make sure you have enough space around you so that you won’t swing into another boat or a rock. Normally boats swing together but at different speeds, so keep an eye on your neighbours. When raising an anchor you can’t just pull it in with the winch. You’ll damage the winch that way. You must motor up to the anchor so that the winch can pull it straight up. To raise the anchor: 1. One person goes forward to the anchor locker while the skipper starts the engine 2. The person at the front points to where the anchor is (based on where the rope is running) 3. The skipper motors slowly towards the anchor 4. As the boat moves, the person at the anchor slowly takes up the slack in the anchor chain 5. When the boat is directly above the anchor, the skipper stops the boat 6. Once the anchor is up the crew secure it with a pin or shackle and the boat is free to depart (( )) 6.5. 7. 6.5.3-4. Rules of the Road Just like cars, boats have rules which govern what happens when they meet each other on the sea. In the rules below, a rule with a lower number takes precedence over a rule with a higher number (e.g. If a power boat approaches a sailing boat head-on [rule 7], the power boat gives way [rule 2]). 1. Everyone gives way to vessels constrained by depth or at anchor 2. Power gives way to sail 3. Sail vs sail : a boat port tack gives way to starboard tack 4. Sail vs sail : if on the same tact, the windward boat gives way to leeward boat 5. Sail vs sail : gybing or tacking gives way to sailing 6. Power vs Power (at an angle) : give way to starboard 7. Power vs Power (head on) : turn to starboard, pass port to port 8. Overtaking : boat overtaking gives way In some areas, like marinas or sea lanes, there might be special rules. For example in a shipping lane used by big ships all other vessels must give way since these ships take about an hour to stop or turn. Small boats approaching a sea lane must cross at right angles and not travel within the lane. Note: a sailing boat is only a sailing boat when the sails are up, if the motor is on, it’s a power boat Safety The boom is the most dangerous thing on the boat (see “Gybing” for a description of why). Never get in the way of a moving boom and always be alert for tacks and gybes. Moving about a boat can also be dangerous. There are lots of things to bump into and a boat might lurch unexpectedly which might mean an impromptu swim! The rule for moving about a boat is : one hand for you and one for the boat. Always hold onto something when moving around. The 7 F’s of Safety Any time you get on a boat you should look for the following 7 things : 1. Fire – what fire fighting equipment is on board? Where are the extinguishers? How do you turn off the gas for the stove? (Never smoke inside a cabin on a yacht – it’s a recipe for disaster) 2. Flooding – what happens if the boat is full of water? How do you pump it out? Where is the bucket to bail water out if the pump fails? Nothing shifts water faster than a wet crewman with a bucket! 3. Flotation devices – okay, so the bucket didn’t work. What now? Where are the life jackets, life rings and other floatation devices? Do you have a life raft? How does it work? 4. First aid – what happens when the skipper cuts his finger opening the Chardonnay? Where do you keep the aspirin and alka-seltzer for hangovers? Where are the seasick pills? 5. Flashlight – navigating at night requires a flashlight. It can also be used for signalling other boats or signalling for help. You should have at least one if not two on board. 6. Flares – if you need to signal for help you might have to use a flare. Flares come in two basic types, smoke and signal. Signal flares give off intense heat and light. Smoke flares give off smoke and are mainly used to signal aircraft or other vessels of your precise location. Signal flares come in two colours – red and white. Red flares are known as ‘distress’ flares because they are used when you want to be rescued. White flares are known as ‘ship scarers’ because they are used to alert other ships to your presence. Flares are only useful if you can see someone who might rescue you. They won’t attract someone from beyond visual range (so don’t pop all of them in the hope someone will magically appear!) After use throw the flare overboard! Flares are hot enough to burn straight through a boat! 7. Fone / Phone – okay, so I cheated, there’s no ‘phone’ on board and if there was it wouldn’t be spelled with an F. But there is a radio. See the section marked “Radio” for how it will help you out. Emergencies and responses Man overboard Losing someone overboard is one of the most dangerous events in sailing. If someone goes overboard : 1. Alert the rest of the crew by shouting “MAN OVERBOARD” as loudly as possible 2. The helmsman immediately heaves-to if possible (i.e. tack the boat but do not tack the jib, and reverse the helm) 3. Throw the victim any thing which might float: life jackets; life rings; cushions; eskies; inflatable sex toys; etc. 4. Someone who is not steering points at the victim (it’s very easy to lose a person against the background of the sea) 5. If the person is not recovered immediately, the helmsman falls off onto a beam reach, sailing downwind of the victim (someone must still point at them!) 6. Turn into the wind and tack, heading back past the victim (keep victim on your windward side, always upwind of you) 7. When the victim is close, into the wind turn into the wind and drop the jib (effectively slowing or stopping the boat). 8. Coast up to the victim and bring the person on board. If you have a motor, start it at about step 5 to give you more control on the approach. Make sure the motor is in neutral however when you attempt to get the victim back on board, it would be unfortunate to suck a person or a rope into the propeller! Getting the victim back on board will not be an easy task. Sailing boats have high sides and the victim might be injured or unconscious. Use every available hand to pull them on board. If you cannot find the victim, don’t hesitate to put out a Mayday call on the radio (see Radio below). Distress signals If you need to signal for help there are a lot of ways you can do this : 1. Mayday on radio 2. Continuous sound signals from a horn or bell 3. Firing a gun at repeated intervals 4. Rocket or handheld flare 5. Orange smoke 6. Open flames on deck 7. Code flags “NC” 8. SOS by any means 9. Raising both arms over head (straight up i.e. “pick me up”) 10. Square flag raised above or below a ball Also possible – flag upside down, strobe, dye marker, orange flag (so be careful what you hang on your washing line!) Figure 9 Wind 7. 1. X 2. 5. 6. 8. Radio Using the Radio Most boats are equipped with VHF radios. The radio has several channels to choose from. The general broadcast and hailing channel is channel 16. You can contact other boats on Ch16 but should switch to an alternate channel as soon as possible. Emergency calls are made on Ch16. 1. Turn the volume up about half way 2. Turn the “squelch” down until you hear static, turn it back up slightly till it stops 3. Pick up the microphone and, holding it about 10cm from your mouth, depress the button on it 4. Say what you have to say 5. To hear what everyone else says – LET GO OF THE BUTTON! Emergency calls There are three types of emergency calls that can be used: • Sécurité – a call to warn other boats of navigation dangers (e.g. A shipping container in a sea-lane) • Pan-Pan n – there is an emergency on board but here is no immediate danger to anyone’s life or to the vessel itself. Examples which might be appropriate are : fouled propeller; engine failure or out of fuel; small fire on board – but extinguished; unsure of position etc. • Mayday – grave and imminent danger and you require immediate assistance. Examples of “grave and imminent danger” in which a Mayday call would be appropriate are fire, explosion, or sinking. Misusing this call could cost you a lot of money in fines! Procedure : 1. Punch up channel 16 on the radio 2. Check the volume and squelch 3. Call the codeword three times “Mayday – Mayday – Mayday” 4. Identify your vessel three times “This is the vessel Titanic – Titanic – Titanic” 5. State your position “We are 300 miles east of New York.” 6. State the emergency “We have struck and iceberg and are sinking.” and how many people there are onboard “There are 2208 people on board.” If you get no response, wait a minute and then try again. If you hear a mayday call on the radio, stay off the air for two minutes to allow authorities to respond. If they don’t you should respond yourself and offer your assistance.
Experience Some Info on Vulnerable Epidermis Care
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The pores and skin is topic to the harsh rays from the sunshine. Relying with your chicken coop designs career, the pores and skin can can be found in speak to with rough cleansing chemicals, filth, grime, and grease. Even if one is calming and obtaining enjoyable, like in the swimming pool, our human body can can be found in call with chlorine and other harsh chemical compounds.
Men and women with vulnerable epidermis encounter numerous problems. The redness, irritation and blotches connected with delicate skin could be uncomfortable and embarrassing. It can be bothersome being forced to keep away from anything that could bring about sensitive epidermis to flare up. Furnishing the ideal sensitive pores and skin treatment is usually specifically tricky, as lots of skin goods can have a bad influence.
Vulnerable skin is mostly a lay term, not a healthcare term. Exclusively, acquiring sensitive pores and skin entails getting allergic or quickly irritated by a number of exterior substances or results ranging from your sunlight towards the diverse substances uncovered in and exterior the home. Pores and skin sensitivity also contains possessing an allergic response to certain components identified in food items or perhaps in vegetation or animals.
Different persons have diverse amounts of skin sensitivity. Persons with sensitive pores and skin have lower tolerance for certain goods or environmental conditions. Folks with vulnerable pores and skin may well react swiftly to chemical substances, high temperature or wind by acquiring red, blotchy and irritated pores and skin. Many people could react to a product, although for other people it delivers no impact. Likewise, lots of people could have a very extreme response, although other individuals only have a mild response.
Every individual should stick to the exact standard pores and skin care regime. However, to get a particular person with delicate pores and skin, you’ll find some buy neopoints distinctions.
The basic ways to sensitive pores and skin care should be performed every day. The subsequent are some vulnerable epidermis treatment recommendations:
Hold epidermis hydrated. Consume a good amount of h2o and hydrate your skin in fragrance-free Comprar ReviMax moisturizers designed for delicate epidermis.
Steer clear of artificial heat and air conditioning. This could irritate and dry the epidermis. Humidifiers might help to put some moisture again in the air.
Limit exfoliation and harsh scrubbing from the skin. This can take absent the lipid barrier which shields the skin from bacteria.
Watch out for perfumes and scented lotions. These can result in redness and allergic reactions.
Make use of a day-to-day sunblock. Even though the skin will not melt off, extended exposure from the sunshine could cause mobile harm and improve sensitivity from the skin.
Purify your skin following perspiration. Even your individual sweat may cause a damaging reaction on ultra-sensitive pores and skin.
Use merchandise with comforting components. Chamomile, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, Oats, and Grape Seed can relaxed epidermis irritation.
Vulnerable epidermis treatment is more than simply picking the right delicate pores and skin treatment merchandise. To produce the top vulnerable skin treatment, an in general solution to the best possible treatment is needed.
Strategies for Enduring Teeth Grinding While Sleeping
Until your dentist tells you, or maybe someone who sleeps next to you, you probably won’t know you have a problem grinding your teeth in your sleep. Things you do in your sleep though, can seem almost impossible to control. There are ways to control this problem, some of which we will looking at below. Keep in mind that teeth grinding when you sleep is a more serious issue than many people realize, as it can have a large impact on your dental health.
If you have a long standing problem with grinding your teeth in your sleep, it may help to get behavior therapy or another effective type of therapy to treat this problem. There are various approaches, but the therapist can teach you how to relax your teeth and jaw and how to pay attention to how you feel during the day. Very often, people who grind their teeth also have tension in this area all day. The goal of therapy in this case is to retrain you to release this tension instead of holding onto it. The hoped for result is that releasing the tension will carry over into your sleep. Working with the therapist and learning to pay attention to your body will take time and patience on your part. The time and effort it takes is worth the learning of an effective way to get over teeth grinding in your sleep. grand rapids dentist is such a broad field of study, and you do have to determine which of the overall pieces of the puzzle are more relevant to you. Nevertheless, the bottom line is how you want to use it, and how much of it will impact your situation. Yet you do realize there is much more to be found out about this. Yet have more big pieces of the total picture to present to you, though. What you are about to read will significantly enhance your knowledge, and we will go even beyond that point, too.
A common antidote for grinding teeth while sleeping is to put in a mouth guard. There is an array of these on the market, from those that you can buy at a pharmacy to those that you can have professionally fitted from your dentist. Mouth guards work to stop you from grinding your teeth, and there’s not really any other option for getting you to put an end to this when you’re sleeping. Some individuals find them to be very uncomfortable and can’t figure out how to fall asleep with them, while others find them to be successful healing methods. You might have to experiment multiple times before recognizing the one that fits the greatest in your mouth. This is one option for people to move past the pattern of grinding their teeth when they’re asleep.
A fanatical method for getting yourself to stop grinding your teeth in your sleep is to take a muscle relaxant before you lay down to go to sleep. By allowing your body to loosen up, particularly the jaw muscles, you might be able to successfully end your grinding practices. There are downsides to this, of course, such as becoming dependent on these medications.
You also have to avoid these drugs during the day, as they can make it unsafe to drive and make you drowsy at work and during normal activities. From time to time, muscle relaxants are suggested during brief moments, such as after you’ve gotten some dental work done, so you don’t end up grinding your teeth and messing up the work that was done. The only time you should ponder over this is when your physician has advised you to do so and if other treatment remedies for teeth grinding during sleep are not working. No matter how long you have had the problem of grinding your teeth in your sleep, it is not something you have to live with forever. Treating this problem is simple, with all the many methods that are available. The above ideas for dealing with teeth grinding in your sleep can help guide you in finding a way to end this unhealthy habit.
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Face Some Details on Sensitive Epidermis Treatment
Does the skin react swiftly to both equally heat and chilly? Does it very easily fall prey to sunburn and windburn? Or is your skin typically dry, sensitive, and at risk of allergic reactions? Do some detergents, cosmetics, and booze irritate the skin? Should you answered certainly to all those people problems, then you probably have incredibly vulnerable skin.
The pores and skin is subject matter to the severe rays of the sunlight. Based on the how to build a chicken coop occupation, the epidermis can are available make contact with with severe cleaning substances, filth, grime, and grease. Even though one is comforting and getting fun, like in the swimming pool, our body can are available in get in touch with with chlorine and various severe chemical substances.
People with sensitive skin face several problems. The redness, irritation and blotches associated with sensitive pores and skin could be unpleasant and embarrassing. It could possibly be annoying being forced to steer clear of almost everything that could cause sensitive skin to flare up. Giving the correct sensitive pores and skin treatment is often significantly hard, as many skin merchandise will have a damaging influence.
Vulnerable pores and skin is mostly a lay time period, not a healthcare phrase. Particularly, getting sensitive pores and skin entails being allergic or very easily irritated by a variety of external materials or effects ranging through the sunlight to your unique substances found in and exterior the house. Epidermis sensitivity also incorporates acquiring an allergic reaction to selected elements found in foods or maybe in crops or animals.
Diverse persons have distinct amounts of skin sensitivity. Persons with sensitive skin have reduced tolerance for particular merchandise or environmental disorders. Folks with sensitive skin may perhaps react easily to chemicals, heat or wind by establishing red, blotchy and irritated pores and skin. A number of people may react to a product, when for other people it produces no impact. Likewise, some people can have an extremely extreme response, although other people only have a gentle response.
Each and every individual must keep to the identical essential pores and skin care regime. On the other hand, for just a particular person with delicate epidermis, you will discover some buy neopoints distinctions.
The essential techniques to delicate skin treatment really should be carried out each and every day. The following are some sensitive pores and skin treatment tips:
Keep skin hydrated. Drink a lot of drinking water and hydrate your skin in fragrance-free ReviMax moisturizers manufactured for sensitive epidermis.
Steer clear of synthetic warmth and air conditioning. This can irritate and dry the pores and skin. Humidifiers may also help to add some moisture back again in the air.
Limit exfoliation and harsh scrubbing from the pores and skin. This will just take absent the lipid barrier which protects the skin from bacteria.
Watch out for perfumes and scented lotions. These can result in redness and allergic reactions.
Use a each day sunblock. Even if the skin does not burn, prolonged publicity during the sunlight may cause cell hurt and raise sensitivity from the epidermis.
Purify the skin just after perspiration. Even your individual sweat might cause a negative reaction on ultra-sensitive epidermis.
Use merchandise with soothing ingredients. Chamomile, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, Oats, and Grape Seed can calm skin discomfort.
Vulnerable pores and skin treatment is a lot more than simply deciding upon the right sensitive skin treatment product or service. To supply the very best vulnerable skin care, an total solution for your very best treatment is needed.
How Can You Stop Grinding Your Teeth When You Sleep?
Many people have the problem of teeth grinding in sleep. Most people don’t realize they are doing it until someone else points it out, usually a partner or dentist. This condition is mysterious in that it doesn’t have a set period in life in which it wil begin. This article will help you determine how to put an end to this potentially hazardous condition.
For those that have struggled with this for some time, there are many therapy options available, including behavior therapy. One technique the therapist can teach you is how to pay attention to how you feel during the day along with techniques to relax your teeth and jaw. Very often, people who grind their teeth also have tension in this area all day. The goal of therapy in this case is to retrain you to release this tension instead of holding onto it. The result being that this is carried over into your sleep. This will take patience on your part, as you will have to work with the therapist and pay attention to your body. It is, however, worth it if you find that it’s an effective way to get over teeth grinding when sleeping. Powerful stuff, we think – what are your impressions? There is a great deal within the body of information surrounding grand rapids dentist. A lot of people have found certain other areas are beneficial and contribute good information. Continue reading through and you will see what we mean about important nuances you need to know about. Do you know exactly the kind of info that will help? If not, then you should discover more about this. You will find out the rest of this article adds to the groundwork you have built up to this stage.
Hypnosis, is another option for some people to get over their teeth grinding. Since hypnosis reprograms your subconscious, it makes sense that it could fix problems when you sleep. Multiple options are available with hypnosis, you can see a hypnotherapist or find an audio program designed for teeth grinding. Repeating affirmations in a meditative state shortly before bed is also an option for some people. Prevent teeth grinding in your sleep with this method by relaxing yourself prior to bed.
It’s possible to take care of your teeth grinding while sleeping by making improvements to your eating habits or taking specific supplements. On the one hand, stimulants such as sugar, caffeine, alcohol, illegal drugs and even many prescription drugs often contribute to teeth grinding, so the more you can cut these substances out, the easier it will be to stop. In spite of this, taking an increased amount of B vitamins, calcium and pantothenic acid (B5) could decrease the type of stress that is an instigator to teeth grinding, and might directly aid in ending this habit. Because each of these is a healthy suggestion for a majority of people, you might want to test them out to see if they can put an end to teeth grinding while sleeping. Just remember that you don’t have to live with this problem forever. You can find a way to treat it, even if you have to try several different methods. The many methods that are available for treatment, you will soon find an end to this unhealthy habit, by using these methods to guide your search.
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3 Effective Methods for Treating Teeth Grinding in Sleep
Nobody desires to grind their teeth when they are asleep, although, the whole dilemma is that you because you are not conscious you don’t realize it. It’s not until the onset of your dental fillings falling out, and your teeth are worn out and loose that your dentist begins to recognize the quandary. While there is no simple remedy for teeth grinding in your sleep, there are some strategies for effectively healing it and we’ll be going over some of these here.
Still, if you grind your teeth when you’re asleep and don’t desire to use a mouth guard, there’s an additional promising remedy, which is biofeedback. Biofeedback is any type of procedure or tool that lets you know what your body is doing, typically something your body does mindlessly, like your brain waves, heartbeat or, in this instance, teeth grinding. There are biofeedback instruments that go inside your mouth and wake you up by way of an alarm if you start to grind your teeth.
Even though it is not a perfect tactic, it does work for some people. In contrast to a mouth guard, it doesn’t truly rid you of grinding your teeth, however it lets you know when you are doing it, so hopefully you can teach yourself how not to do it. There is so much for you to learn about grand rapids dentist, and we certainly can help you in this area. One thing we tend to believe you will discover is the right info you need will take its cues from your current predicament. There are always some points that will have more of an effect than others. How each one will play out in your situation is largely unknown, but we each have to think about that. Here are several more equally important highlights on this important topic.
When you’re awake, you could be inadvertently putting your teeth into the routine of grinding from chewing gum or other items in your mouth. If you chew tobacco or store things like straws or toothpicks in your mouth, you might also have this issue.
Potentially your teeth are so habituated to biting on items that they prolong it during the night. As a result, you could potentially cut down or put an end to your teeth grinding while asleep by no longer indulging in your habits of chewing on gum or other items. Because you have maybe been chewing gum for several years, as well as grinding your teeth during your sleeping hours, it might take awhile.
It’s possible to take care of your teeth grinding while sleeping by making improvements to your eating habits or taking specific supplements. On the one hand, stimulants such as sugar, caffeine, alcohol, illegal drugs and even many prescription drugs often contribute to teeth grinding, so the more you can cut these substances out, the easier it will be to stop. Yet, taking a higher amount of B vitamins, calcium and pantothenic acid (B5) might aid in lowering the kind of stress that can be a determinant of teeth grinding, and might even directly help to put a halt to toward this practice. Because each of these is a healthy suggestion for a majority of people, you might want to test them out to see if they can put an end to teeth grinding while sleeping.
It can be exasperating find out that you grind your teeth when you’re sleeping, as you aren’t even aware of it. The fact of the matter is that habitual visits to your dentist could be the only route to find out for sure if this is something that you do and if any of the treatments you are using to end it are working. We have been studying some regimens to foil teeth grinding in your sleep however there are occasions where it takes some time to discover the one that works for you.
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Advice for Contending with Teeth Grinding in Your sleep
Typically, a person finds out they have a problem with teeth grinding when someone who sleeps next to them tells them or their dentist sees the effects. How can you stop yourself from doing something in your sleep? It is possible to reduce this action, just read on to find out how. With the problems it can cause to your dental health, teeth grinding is a more serious issue than most people believe.
If you grind your teeth in your sleep but don’t want to use a mouth guard, there’s another possible remedy, which is biofeedback. Biofeedback is any sort of course or apparatus that makes you aware of what your body is doing, generally something your body does unthinkingly, for example your brain waves, heartbeat or in this matter, teeth grinding. There are biofeedback tools that become fitted in your mouth and set you awake via an alarm if you start to grind your teeth.
This is not a fail-safe option however it does work well for some people. Unlike a mouth guard, it doesn’t actually stop you from grinding your teeth, but it alerts you to it so you can hopefully train yourself out of it. All right, we have gone over the first couple of points concerning grand rapids dentist, of course you recognize they play a significant role. They are by no means all there is to learn as you will easily discover. It is difficult to determine all the different means by which they can serve you. It really should not need to be said that you must conduct closer examination of all relevant points. Keep reading because you do not want to miss these critical knowledge items.
Sleeping with a mouth guard is a better known tonic for teeth grinding. There is a plethora of these on the market, like those that you can pick up in a drugstore to those that you can get professionally fitted from your dentist. Mouth guards work to stop you from grinding your teeth, and there’s not really any other option for getting you to put an end to this when you’re sleeping. Some find people them so uncomfortable that they can’t stand to sleep with them, while others find them to be an effective remedy. You might have to try quite a few before discovering the one that fits best in your mouth. This is one option for people to move past the pattern of grinding their teeth when they’re asleep.
In many cases by making lifestyle changes you can put an end to this problem by simply reducing your level of stress. You can often reduce stress by getting more exercise, taking up practices such as yoga or, if you have certain issues in your life that are causing problems, to talk to a therapist. Try listening to your favorite music to reduce your stress level, go for a walk in nature or even get a pet. If you ever catch yourself grinding your teeth during the day, make an effort to take a deep breath, relax and stop. The less stress you have during the day, means the less you will have to deal with at night. Of course, a result of this is no more grinding your teeth at night. Of course grinding your teeth at night is only a major issue if you don’t get help for it. You don’t want to have your teeth loosen and fall out, which can happen over time. Use the above tips to help you stop grinding your teeth in your sleep.
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Methods to Effectively Stop Night Time Teeth Grinding
Typically, a person finds out they have a problem with teeth grinding when someone who sleeps next to them tells them or their dentist sees the effects. Things you do in your sleep though, can seem almost impossible to control. There are ways to control this problem, some of which we will looking at below. Most people don’t realize that your dental health is impacted, making teeth grinding a very serious issue.
Multiple types of therapy exist for treating those with a long standing problem of teeth grinding in their sleep, behavior therapy is one such type. The therapist can teach you how to relax your teeth and jaw, plus how paying attention to your stress levels during the day can affect this. Very often, people who grind their teeth also have tension in this area all day. Therapy can help you to retrain yourself so you let go of tension in this area. This can carry over to your sleep. Working with the therapist and learning to pay attention to your body will take time and patience on your part. The time and effort it takes is worth the learning of an effective way to get over teeth grinding in your sleep. Well, just what do you think about that so far? No question, we are just getting going with all that can be acknowledged about grand rapids dentist. A lot of people have found certain other areas are helpful and contribute good information. You should take care about making too many presumptions until the big picture is a lot more clear. It is always a good idea to determine what your circumstances call for, and then go from that point. We will tie all together plus give you a hint of other important information.
You might mistakenly be directing your teeth toward this habit of grinding from chewing gum or other things in your mouth when you’re awake. If you chew tobacco, or keep items like straws or toothpicks in your mouth, you may also have this problem.
Perhaps your teeth are so familiarized to biting on things that they persist on doing so throughout the night. Therefore, you might be able to reduce the amount or halt your teeth grinding while sleeping if you discontinue chewing gum or other things. This could take a lot of time, as you could have been chewing gum, along with grinding your teeth in your sleep for several years.
Changes in your lifestyle to reduce stress can put an end to your teeth grinding as well. A few people need to discuss certain issues with a therapist but most can reduce their stress by getting more exercise or taking up something like yoga. Simpler changes you can make would be listening to your favorite music, going for a walk or get a pet. Stop and take a deep breath if you catch yourself grinding your teeth during the day, to help you relax. In the end, the less stress you have the less likely you will be plagued by teeth grinding at night. Of course, a result of this is no more grinding your teeth at night. No matter how long you have had the problem of grinding your teeth in your sleep, it is not something you have to live with forever. With so many differing techniques and methods available, it is simple to treat this problem. The above ideas for dealing with teeth grinding in your sleep can help guide you in finding a way to end this unhealthy habit.